PDF Ebook , by Tonio Andrade
PDF Ebook , by Tonio Andrade
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, by Tonio Andrade
PDF Ebook , by Tonio Andrade
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Product details
File Size: 5410 KB
Print Length: 448 pages
Publisher: Princeton University Press (October 3, 2011)
Publication Date: October 3, 2011
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B005N8U7A2
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Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#443,049 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
One of the best books I read in 2011, it's hugely entertaining, but also serious history. It reads like a novel, full of colorful people and exotic places, clashes of East and West in battles at sea and on land over castles, with swords and gunpowder, metal armor and muskets, pirates and rebels, heroes and tyrants.Since the book is about the first major conflict between China and Europe, it offers an opportunity to "test" why Europe came to dominate the world, and not China, one of the great historical questions. Was it because the West had superior military power? This theory has been standard for a long time, but new evidence suggests it's not so black and white. The events of the Sino-Dutch War show why. I was intrigued by Jared Diamond's blurb, and he is spot on, "you can read this as a novel that just happens to be true.. or a window into one of the biggest unsolved questions of world history." It's not often we get both these things in one book, I was sorry when it ended and tried to slow my reading.The book is well illustrated including more maps than it needs (first time ever saw that). Generous footnotes and bibliography. Overall a great production.
I assign this book in my upper division class HIST199T: Guns, Pirates, and Opium. Students love it. Andrade writes well, and his argument/evidence is solid.
Excellent!
Just look at recent history of armed conflicts in East Asia. Even weaken Qing dynasty did not lost all fight with Western powers. Certainly, Japan vs Russia, China vs United Nations, Vietnam vs US, ect.
An easy and informative read. It would have been nice to include more images and graphics to accompany the sections comparing the Chinese and Dutch technology, especially the ships and the cannons.
Good!
The description of the book has been sensationalized, along with the author's claims about the meaning his findings have about the contemporary view of Asian history. Overly cavalier in its approach, along with a clear lack of understanding of traditional Chinese culture. A Wikipedia article or "Badass of the week" blog would provide a clearer picture than this book.
Andrade is a well-known and respected figure in the small world of Taiwan history experts. His earlier work, How Taiwan became Chinese, was well researched and documented, although we disagreed with his overall thesis (see our review in Taiwan Communiqué no. 128, June/July 2010).History repeats itself with this new book. It is extremely well written – and could easily pass for an exciting historical novel. Andrade spins a gripping tale, full of excellent anecdotes and insights, but then goes off on a tangent when drawing his conclusions.Contrary to Andrade’s thesis, while technology, strategy and tactics, the appropriate alliances, and even the weather can make a difference, two other factors did make a more significant difference in the outcome of the conflict around Zeelandia: distance and overwhelming force. Taiwan was a long way away from Batavia (several weeks of sailing) while very close to the Chinese coast. Koxinga could thus bring in large numbers of troops, reinforcements and ships within a short period of time, while the Dutch had to travel large distances.Another incorrect conclusion by Andrade is to call this a victory by “China†over the West. At that point, 1661-1662, Koxinga was not representing China at all, but his own personal fiefdom along the Coast. He kept the myth of his allegiance to the Ming Dynasty alive in order to keep a following. In fact, the Ch’ing rulers in Beijing were trying very hard to eradicate his strongholds along the coast, and that is why he took refuge across the Strait, trying to get away from China.His main theme is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, Ming follower Cheng Ch’eng-kung, known as Koxinga in the West, was able to defeat the Dutch settlement of Fort Zeelandia (present-day Tainan) in 1661-1662 due to a relative equal level of gun technology (both big guns and smaller handguns) and superior military tactics and strategy.He does explain how the Dutch still had the advantage in terms of having a highly defensible fortress (renaissance fort technology) and the ability of their ships, loaded with heavy guns, to maneuver fast in deep water, with sail rigging that enabled them to sail into the wind.However, these advantages were, in Andrade’s view, not sufficient to make a difference in the conflict, particularly due to some basic errors made by the Dutch commander of the fort, Frederick Coyet. In particular Coyet had not taken advantage of opportunities to build bridges and alliances, both with the Dutch East India Company and with the Manchu / Ch’ing rulers who had gained power in China after 1644.Coyet was actually a Swedish nobleman in Dutch service. He was a proud and principled man, and had his differences with officials in Batavia, as well as with key commanders of the fleet that was sent to break Koxinga’s blockade, which lasted from April 1661 to February 1662.After the “loss of Taiwanâ€, Coyet returned to Batavia, but was tried for treason, almost executed (described in detail by Andrade in the very first chapter), but then banned to a far-away island. After ten years he was released, returned to the Netherlands, and wrote a stinging rebuke of his superiors in Batavia, titled “’t Verwaerloosde Formosa†(The Neglected Formosa), which became a best-seller.According to Andrade, Koxinga was able to incorporate new ideas and technologies. He was the son of Chinese pirate father, Cheng Chi-long, and a Japanese mother, named Tagawa. He was born in Nagasaki in 1624, and in his early youth spent some years in Japan, but at age seven his father moved him to China where he continued his schooling and eventually studied at Nanking University. When the Ch’ing dynasty took over in 1644, his father surrendered, but the son continued resistance along the coast.In 1658-1659 he assembled a large fleet, sailed to the North, and tried to recapture Nanking, but was beaten back by Ch’ing Dynasty forces (and by a typhoon which wrecked many boats and drowned many of his men). During the following year, he was under increasing pressure from Ch’ing forces, which pursued him down the coast. Eventually, in early 1661, he decided to make a big move, assembled some 400 boats and 25,000 men and crossed the Taiwan Strait to lay siege to the Dutch settlement at Anping (present-day Tainan).Because of information gleaned from a defector named He Bin (a translator who had provided him with maps of the fortress) Koxinga was able enter the bay behind the fortress through a narrow channel and land his fleet outside the reach of the big Dutch cannons in the fortress. He attacked and took a smaller Fort Provintia and thus cut off supplies both on the land and seaside. This started a siege which would last nine months.Miraculously, the Dutch were able to send word of the siege to Batavia. In one of the major daring feats of the episode, a small yacht name Maria under captain Cornelius Clawson was able to sail against the prevailing Monsoon winds and make it to the VOC headquarters in seven weeks. A relief fleet under commander Jacob Cauw was sent and had a speedy journey back to Taiwan, but the counterattack against Koxinga failed, partially due to a typhoon and partially due to disagreements between Cauw and Coyet.As the siege continued, supplies in the fort began to run out, while Koxinga was also aided by another defector, Hans Radis, a German sergeant who had been in Dutch service and who loved rice wine, which Koxinga gave him plenty of. Radis gave Koxinga inside information on the defense of the fortress.The situation eventually prompted negotiations in which Coyet was able to ensure free passage for himself and other Dutch at the fortress. In total some 630 Dutch and 9,000 Chinese combatants had been killed, in addition to several thousand aborigines, fighting on the side of the Dutch. In addition, Koxinga killed several hundred Dutch missionaries and teachers in surrounding villages.However, the fall of Zeelandia was not the end of the story. Andrade describes in detail how during the period 1662-1668, the fighting continued across a broad front: in 1663 Dutch admiral Balthasar Bort with only 15 ships coordinated with a Ching Dynasty fleet in an attack against the remaining Koxinga forces in Jinmen, and defeated them. In 1666, the Dutch had built up a fortress in the northern port city of Jilong (present-day Keelung), and with only 300 defenders fended off an attack by some 40 junks and 3000 Koxinga troops. Koxinga himself had of course died in 1663, but his successors held out until 1683, when they were defeated in the Battle of Penghu by Ch’ing admiral Shih Lang.And now for the conclusions. Contrary to Andrade’s thesis, while technology, strategy and tactics, the appropriate alliances, and even the weather can make a difference, two other factors did make a more significant difference in the outcome of the conflict around Zeelandia: distance and overwhelming force. Taiwan was a long way away from Batavia (several weeks of sailing) while very close to the Chinese coast. Koxinga could thus bring in large numbers of troops, reinforcements and ships within a short period of time, while the Dutch had to travel large distances.Another incorrect conclusion by Andrade is to call this a victory by “China†over the West. At that point, 1661-1662, Koxinga was not representing China at all, but his own personal fiefdom along the Coast. He kept the the myth of his allegiance to Ming Dynasty alive in order to keep a following. In fact, the Ch’ing rulers in Beijing were trying very hard to eradicate his strongholds along the coast, and that is why he took refuge across the Strait, trying to get away from China.Overall conclusion: excellent work with a wealth of details. Well written and documented.
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